CLASS 9TH IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

Improvement In Food Resources Class 9 CBSE Notes - Chapter 15

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Food: 

It is an essential organic substance that supplies proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, all of which we require for body development, growth and health.

Sources of Food:

Both plants and animals are the major sources of food which are obtained by agriculture and animal husbandry.

Need to Improve Food Resources:

To meet the demands of growing population, there is a need to improve food resources. This led to green revolution and white revolution.

Crop:

When plants of the same variety are cultivated on a large scale, they are called crops. The crops are divided on the basis of the seasons in which they grow.

Types of Crops:

1. Cereal Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, millets and sorghum.

2. Pulses: Gram, pea, black gram, green gram, etc. 3. Oilseed Crops: Soybean, groundnut, castor, etc.

4. Vegetable, Spices and Fruits: Cabbage, onion, pep per, etc.

5. Fodder Crops: Berseem, oats, Sudan grass, etc.

Classification of Crops:

Kharif Crops: The crops which are grown in hot and rainy season (Kharif season from June to October), e.g., paddy, soybean, pigeon pea, maize, cotton, etc.

2. Rabi Crops: The crops which are grown in winter sea son (Rabi season from November to April), e.g., wheat grain, peas, mustard, linseed, etc.

Factors for Successful Crop Production: 

1. Understanding how crops grow and develop.

2. Effect of various nutrients,climate and water on the growth of the plant.

3. Modification and management of each factor for increasing the yield of the crop. Improvement in Crop Yield: It involves the group of activities such as:

1. Crop variety improvement.

2.Crop production improvement

 3. Crop protection management.

Crop Variety Improvement:

It can be done either by hybridisation or by introducing a gene.

1. By Hybridisation: Hybridisation is crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. This crossing may be in tervarietal (between different varieties), interspecific (between two different species of the same genus) or intergeneric (between different genera).

2. By Introducing a Gene: This provides the desired characteristics and results in genetically modified crops.

Factors of Crop Variety Improvement:

1. Higher yield to increase productivity of crop per acre.

2. Improved quality that varies from crop to crop, e.g., protein quality in, pulses, oil quality in oilseeds, etc.

3. Biotic (diseases, insects, etc.) and abiotic (drought, salinity, water logging, heat, cold, etc.) resistances.

4. Change in maturity duration making a crop more economical.

5. Wider adaptability stabilises crop production.

6. Desirable agronomic characteristics increases productivity.

▷ Crop Production Management: It involves management of nutrients, irrigation and cropping patterns.

▷ Management of Nutrients: Nutrients are supplied by air, water and soil to plants. Air supplies carbon and oxygen, hydrogen comes from water and soil supplies the other thirteen nutrients to plants. Among these thirteen, six are macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur) and other seven are micronutrients (iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum and chlorine). Deficiency of these nutrients affects physiological processes in plants including reproduction, growth and susceptibility to diseases. ▷ Manure: These are bulky sources of organic matter obtained through decomposition of plant and animal wastes. These are:

1. Compost: It includes farm waste material such as vegetable waste, animal refuse, sewage waste, etc, which are decomposed in pits and the process is composting.

2. Vermicompost: Compost made by the decomposition of plant and animal refuse through red worm.

3. Green Manure: Plants like sun hemp or guar are grown and mulched by ploughing them into the soil which are then turned into green manure. It helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.

▷ Fertilisers: They are organic and inorganic sources of plant nutrients used to increase soil fertility and are manufactured commercially from chemicals. They supply Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK).

            Biofertilisers are microorganisms or biologically active products which are used to enrich soil fertility, e.g.. legume- Rhizobium symbiosis.

Organic Farming: It is an environment friendly farming system in which chemical fertilisers, herbicides or pesticides are used either in lesser quantity or are not used at all.

▸ Irrigation: It is the process of supplying water to the crop fields using canals, wells, tubewells, etc. Irrigation or water requirements of crops depend on the nature of crop and the nature of soil.

▸ Cropping Patterns: It includes different ways of growing crops so as to get the maximum benefit such as mixed cropping, intercropping, crop rotation.

Drought is a situation that arises due to scarce or inadequate distribution of rainfall.

► Mixed Cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land, e.g., wheat + gram. Intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in definite pattern, e.g., soybean + maize.

▸ Crop Rotation: Growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession.

▸ Crop Protection Management: It includes methods for protection from weeds, insects, pests and diseases.

▸ Weeds: These are unwanted plants in the cultivated field,e.g., Xanthium (gokhroo), Amaranthus, etc.

▸ Insect Pests: They attack the plants by cutting the root, stem and leaf, sucking the cell sap from various parts of plant or by boring into stem and fruits.

▸ Crop Diseases: These are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.

IMPORTANT POINT:-

Biopesticides are biological agents used to control insects and pathogens such as viruses, mites, etc.

▸ Storage of Grains: It is done by proper treatment and by systematic management of warehouses.

Animal Husbandry: It is the branch of agriculture which deals with rearing, feeding, breeding and caring of animals. It refers to scientific management of livestock.

▸ Cattle Farming: It is done for milk and drought labour for agricultural works, e.g., cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish farming.

▸ Milch Animals: Milk producing females or dairy animals, e.g., sahiwal, gir, etc.

Draught Animals: They are used for farm labour, e.g., malvi, oxen, etc.

▸ Animals Feed: It includes:

1. Roughage which is largely a fibre.

2. Concentrates which are low in fibre and contain relatively high levels of protein and other nutrients.

▸ Poultry Farming: It is the practice of raising poultry birds like chicken (hen), ducks, etc, for the production of eggs and meat.

▸ Production of Poultry Birds: Good management practices are important for good production of poultry birds that includes maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing and poultry feed as well as prevention and control of diseases and pests.

Egg and Broiler Production: The housing, nutritional and environmental requirements of broilers are some what different from those of egg layers. The ration (daily food requirement) for broilers is protein rich with adequate fat. The levels of vitamins A and K is kept high in the poultry feeds.

▸ Fish Production: Two ways of obtaining fish are:

1. Natural resources called capture fishing.

2. Fish farming called culture fishery.

Important Point:-

Composite fish culture is fish production in which a combination of 5 or 6 fish species are cultivated in a single pond having different food habits so that they do not compete for food with each other.

► Marine Fisheries: Popular marine fishes are pomfret, mackerel, tuna, sardines and bombay duck. High economic value marine fishes are finned fishes and shell fishes.

▸ Inland Fisheries: It includes fishery in freshwater and brackish water.

▸ Bee-keeping: It refers to keeping of bees and this practice of rearing, care and management of honey bees to obtain honey, bees wax, etc, from the beehive is called apiculture.